Reading “Critically” – What Does That Really Mean?
In UK universities, you’re expected to read “critically.” This goes beyond simply absorbing information; it means questioning, evaluating, and even challenging the arguments and conclusions of the texts you encounter. Memorising and paraphrasing isn’t enough; instead, you’re asked to synthesise ideas, form your own insights, and demonstrate a clear understanding of the subject’s theory. This process of critical analysis is fundamental to academic writing and illustrates your grasp of complex ideas.
What is Critical Thinking?
Critical thinking is about diving deeper into information, breaking it down, and making informed judgments. Some of the key skills involved include:
Observation: Noticing details, patterns, and potential opportunities or problems.
Analysis: Examining data or arguments to understand their underlying structure.
Inference: Drawing conclusions based on the evidence and your own knowledge.
Communication: Expressing ideas clearly while listening to other viewpoints.
Problem-solving: Using information to identify and propose solutions to issues.
Cultivating these skills helps you to question information and maintain an open mind. University assignments typically require you to explore different points of view, evaluate evidence, and present balanced, fair arguments.
The Value of Critical Thinking Beyond the Classroom
These skills aren’t just for academic success—they’re vital in daily life too. For example, in the UK, news sources often reflect a political bias. Some publications may lean left, while others are more conservative. Being a critical thinker enables you to sift through these perspectives, understand the biases, and make up your own mind on issues.
How to be a Critical Reader
When reading critically, ask yourself questions about the source, the evidence, and the writer’s perspective. Here are some helpful questions to guide you:
About the Author and the Source:
Who wrote this? Is the author a credible expert?
What is the source? Does it have a reputation for accuracy?
When was it published? Is the information recent and relevant?
Who is the intended audience? Knowing this can reveal potential biases.
What is the purpose? Does the text aim to inform neutrally, or is it persuading?
About the Evidence Used:
Is the evidence strong and relevant? Are points backed up by research?
Does the author avoid generalisations? Unsupported generalisations can weaken credibility.
Are citations included? Reliable sources should be cited.
Is there a clear separation between fact and opinion?
In research articles, for instance, examine the methodology. Is the sample size sufficient, and are limitations discussed? Valid research will make these aspects clear.
About the Writer’s Assumptions and Bias:
What assumptions does the author make? Are they valid or overtly biased?
Is there a balanced viewpoint? Does the text present counter-arguments or only one side?
Is language neutral? Neutral, cautious language helps maintain objectivity.
By asking questions like these, you’re practising critical thinking—identifying biases, distinguishing fact from opinion, and making informed judgments.